Archive for IT技术

无人机即将颠覆未来(ZT)

12 8 月, 2014 at 3:41 下午 · Filed under IT技术, 创业发财

https://www.tumblr.com/peterdiamandis/94358742703/top-10-reasons-drones-are-disruptive

如果你对现在的无人机的看法是有趣，那是没有看透本质。
无人机正处于迷惑期，即将在以下领域颠覆世界……

万事俱备
1980~2010 年取得的巨大改进令今日的无人机成为可能，以下 4 个领域的进步尤其巨大：
1、 GPS：1981 年，第一台商用 GPS 接收机重达 50 磅，价格高达 10 万美元。现在 GPS 仅重 0.3 克，芯片价格不到 5 美元。
2、 IMU：惯性测量装置（Inertial Measurement Unit ，IMU）用来测量无人机的速度、方位及加速度。1960 年代，一台 IMU（想想阿波罗计划）重达 50 磅，成本高达数百万美元。现在这套玩意儿就是你手机上的两三块芯片，成本只有 1 美元。
3、 数字相机：1976 年，柯达推出了第一款数字相机，像素只有 10 万，重量为 3.75 磅，价格超过 1 万美元。现在的数字相机跟当年完全不可同日而语（分辨率高 1000 倍，尺寸小 1000 倍，价格低 100 倍）
4、 计算机与无线通信（Wi-Fi，蓝牙）：这个无人会质疑吧。计算机和无线通信的性价比已经比 1980 年代好了 10 亿倍。

无人机的十大应用领域
1、 农业：无人机监控灾害，收集作物健康与产量的实时数据。这一块的年市场规模约达 30 亿美元。
2、 能源：能源公司利用无人机监控输油管道和钻塔。
3、 房地产与建筑：对高尔夫球场、摩天大楼等拍照、勘察，通知地产商，也监控工程进度。
4、 快速响应与紧急服务：无人机利用红外传感器辅助从灭火到废墟或雪崩寻人的搜救行动。
5、 新闻：使用无人机可比用人更快更安全地报道突发新闻 / 灾难 / 战区情况。
6、 包装 / 供应交付：如 Matternet 建造无人机网络向全球的偏远农村运送食品和医疗用品。
7、 摄影 / 电影：视觉艺术家利用无人机捕捉优美画面和拍摄角度。
8、 科研 / 保护：无人机帮助做一切事情，从计算阿拉斯加的海狮数量，到进行气候、环境研究，乃至于跟踪非洲大草原的兽群移动等。
9、 执法：遭遇人质绑架、搜救、炸弹威胁等情况时刻辅助执法人员追踪犯罪分子，监控跨境毒品走私。
10、 娱乐 / 玩具：这个乐子不消多说了。

未来方向
10 年后当无人机好上千倍以后又会怎样呢？或者 30 年后好上亿倍之后呢？这意味着什么？那时候的无人机会长什么样？以下是想象的方向：

• 智能、自治：无人机会有自己的思想…. 会. 思考、做事、导航、规避、寻觅、发现、传送等。
• 微型、廉价：设想无人机只有苍蝇大小，能为你发送全动态的高清视频。哪怕一大群无人机没了也没关系，因为马上就可以有新的一群无人机替换。成本我估计低到无法想象，不超过 10 美元，甚至可能 1 美元。

畅想未来
1、 授粉：蜜蜂大小的无人机对花朵进行授粉（现在已经这么做了）
2、 个人安全：未来你的孩子上学或玩耍时会有一支无人机舰队随时跟踪扫描危险。
3、 极限运动拍摄：想象一下，有 100 台无人机从各个角度跟踪拍摄滑雪速降选手比赛是什么情形。
4、 行星搜索与行星科学：宏观层面，我的 Planetary Resources 公司正在建造 ARKYD 300 探测器，打算在浩瀚宇宙中从这种太空无人机派遣 4 到 6 架 A300 无人机为单位的机组去到小行星或火星卫星之类的外太空进行探索。
5、 医疗用体内无人机：微观层面，我们每个人都会有机器人无人机在体内巡航进行监控和修复。
6、 高海拔的“大气层卫星”无人机：Google 最近推出了 Project Loon，准备在全球打造一个平流层气球网络，然后又收购了 Titan Aerospace，以提供太阳能动力的无人机，这两个都可以随时随地提供低成本的、覆盖整个星球的互联网接入。
7、 无所不在的监视：高分辨率相机与人脸识别技术的结合可令无人机随时随地掌握任何人的动态。未来的零售商随时可以知道有多少人试穿自己的衣服。
8、 军事与反恐：无人机在国防方面的应用将显著增加，在生物辐射等方面的威胁感知与查找中发挥作用。

挑战何在？
抛开技术挑战不谈，无人机的颠覆性还将面临诸多社会政治性挑战。
利用飞机 / 直升机、无人机辅助处置非法行为、安全及潜在冲突会引发对隐私、间谍、干涉方面问题的担忧，产生噪声污染，给空域造成混乱，还有偷盗和商业使用问题。
不过到了 2015 年 9 月，FAA《2012 年现代化与改革法案》就将失效，所以明年会是无人机的大年。

颠覆原因

基于上述用例，无人机体现了三个指数级增长技术的有趣融合：
1、 物联网：无人机将会成为万亿传感器未来的关键一员，运载各种传感器（热成像、压力、音频、辐射、化学、生物、成像）并接入互联网。无人机还将相互通信并与运营商联络。
2、 先进电池技术：能量密度的增加（每千克的千瓦时）使得无人机的巡航时间更长。此外，太阳能电池技术使得高海拔无人机可持续飞行一周。drone1
3、 自动化软件和人工智能：全球数百团队正在进行自动化软件攻关，以便 a）让无人机更容易被非受训用户掌控飞行，更重要的是 b）允许无人机自主飞行和运作。

这一切还刚刚开始。
QuadHookUp800B

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The Paradox of Wearable Technologies 可穿戴技术与人类认知 Don Norman

23 8 月, 2013 at 8:57 上午 · Filed under IT技术

Can devices like Google Glass augment our activities without ­distracting us from the physical world?

这是Don Norman 最近些的关于可穿戴技术与人类认知的文章。

Ever talk to someone at a party or conference reception only to discover that he or she is constantly scanning the room, looking this way and that, perhaps finding you boring, perhaps looking for someone more important? Doesn’t the person realize that you notice?

Welcome to the new world of wearable computers, where we will tread uneasily as we risk continual distraction, continual diversion of attention, and continual blank stares in hopes of achieving focused attention, continual enhancement, and better interaction, understanding, and retention. Google’s latest hardware toy, Glass, which has received a lot of attention, is only the beginning of this challenge. 可穿戴技术可能带来的是分心，注意力不集中，甚至大脑空白。

Actually, it isn’t the beginning—this stuff has been around for over a decade. In my former roles as a cognitive scientist and vice president of technology at Apple, and now as a management consultant in product design, I visit research laboratories at companies and universities all over the world. I’ve experienced many of these devices. I’ve worn virtual-reality goggles that had me wandering through complex computerized mazes, rooms, and city streets, as well as augmented realities where the real world was overlaid with information. 可穿戴技术已经有10多年的历史了，如虚拟空间。

And yes, I’ve worn Google Glass. Unlike “immersive” displays that capture your full attention, Glass is deliberately designed to be inconspicuous and nondistracting. The display is only in the upper right of the visual field, the goal being to avoid diverting the user’s attention and to provide relevant supplementary information only when needed. 谷歌的glass在设计的时候就强调不要干扰正常的行为，而是在需要的时候提供补充信息。

Even so, the risk of distracting the user is significant. And once Google allows third-party developers to provide applications, it loses control over the ways in which these will be used. Sebastian Thrun, who was in charge of Google’s experimental projects when Glass was conceived, told me that while he was on the project, he insisted that Glass provide only limited e-mail functionality, not a full e-mail system. Well, now that outside developers have their hands on it, guess what one of the first things they did with it was? Yup, full e-mail.
比如，谷歌设计email功能的时候就强调只提供简单的email功能，而不是全部email功能。但是谷歌没法让第三方开发者也这么做。

It’s a great myth that people can multi-task without any loss in the quality of their work. Numerous psychology experiments show that when two relatively complex tasks are done at the same time, performance deteriorates measurably. Some of these experiments were done by me, back when I was a practicing cognitive scientist. David Strayer, whose research group at the University of Utah has studied these issues for decades, has shown that hands-free phones are just as distracting as handheld ones, and using one while driving is just as bad as driving while drunk.
很多的心理学实验证明人类不能一心二用，比如在开车的时候打电话，及时时候耳机，也和手持电话通话一样，基本就是酒驾状态。

Even pairs of tasks as simple as walking and talking can show performance decrement: it happens to me all the time. While I am thinking or deep in conversation on my morning walk, I often stop walking when I get to difficult and profound thoughts. The stopping is subconscious, perceived only when my conscious mind breaks its concentration to notice that the walking has halted. Psychologist (and Nobel laureate) Danny Kahneman notes in his book Thinking, Fast and Slow that he discovered he couldn’t think at all when he walked too fast. He had to slow down to allow new thoughts.
走路都能影响人的思考，人走得太快， 比如跑步，就无法思考了。

If performing tasks simultaneously is so deleterious, why do people maintain that they can do it without any deterioration? Well, it is for somewhat the same reason that drunk drivers think they can drive safely: monitoring our own performance is yet another task, and it suffers. The impairment in mental skills makes it difficult to notice the impairment.
使用可穿戴的电脑，就如酒驾一样，一心不可二用哦。

So while the supplementary, just-in-time information provided by wearable computers seems wonderful, as we come to rely upon it more and more, we can lose engagement with the real world. Sure, it is nice to be reminded of people’s names and perhaps their daughter’s recent skiing accident, but while I am being reminded, I am no longer there—I am somewhere in ether space, being told what is happening.
提供及时的，补充的信息很好，但是如何做到不影响人们可现实世界自然的接触呢？

Years ago, I wrote a piece called “I Go to a Sixth Grade Play” in which I discussed the parents so anxiously video-recording their children in the play that they didn’t experience the event until the next day. Detached engagement is not the same thing as full engagement; it lacks the emotional dimension.
有的家长参加孩子的演出，光注意拍摄留念了，完全没有看演出。

Much of what is being done with wearable devices is ­happening simply because it can be done.

There is a flip side to this argument, however. It is that when implemented and used mindfully, wearable technology can enhance our abilities significantly. Thad Starner, a wearable-computer champion who has worn these devices for almost a quarter-century and was a technical advisor to Google Glass, sent me comments on an early draft of this article. “I am very bad at multitasking,” he said, noting that when he attends a lecture, “[by] putting the physical focus of the display at the depth of the blackboard and having a fast text entry method, I could (suddenly) both pay attention and take good notes.” He did far better than he could with paper and pencil, which forced his attention to shift from notebook to blackboard. He then reminded me of a conversation we had on this topic in 2002. I didn’t remember the conversation, so he described the interaction, reminding me of both his comments and my responses.
当然如果可穿戴电脑使用适当的话，还是有用的，比如一个朋友还能记住10多年前我们的谈话，就是应为他当时使用了可穿戴电脑记笔记。

How can Starner remember the details of a conversation from more than 10 years ago? He takes notes during his conversations, one hand in his pocket typing away on a special keyboard. The result is that during any interaction, he is far more focused and attentive than many of my non-computer-wearing colleagues: the act of taking notes forces him to concentrate upon the content of the interaction. Moreover, he has records of his interactions, allowing him to review what took place—which is how he “remembered” our decade-old conversation. (See the Q&A with Starner, and “You Will Want Google Goggles.”)

Without the right approach, the continual distraction of multiple tasks exerts a toll. It takes time to switch tasks, to get back what attention theorists call “situation awareness.” Interruptions disrupt performance, and even a voluntary switching of attention from one task to another is an interruption of the task being left behind.

Furthermore, it will be difficult to resist the temptation of using powerful technology that guides us with useful side information, suggestions, and even commands. Sure, other people will be able to see that we are being assisted, but they won’t know by whom, just as we will be able to tell that they are being assisted, and we won’t know by whom.

Eventually we will be able to eavesdrop on both our own internal states and those of others. Tiny sensors and clever software will infer emotional and mental states. Worse, the inferences will often be wrong: many factors could cause a person’s pulse rate to go up or skin conductance to change, but technologists are apt to focus upon a simple, single interpretation.

Is this what we want? People staring blankly at the real world as their virtual minders tell them what is happening? We are entering unknown territory, and much of what is being done is happening simply because it can be done.

In the end, either wearable technologies will be able to augment our experiences and focus our attention on a current task and the people with whom we are interacting, or they’ll distract us—diverting our attention through tasty morsels of information that are irrelevant to the current activity.

When technologies are used to supplement our activities, when the additional information being provided is of direct relevance, our attention can become more highly focused and our understanding and retention enhanced. When the additional information is off target, no matter how enticing it is, that’s the distracting and disruptive side.
如果科技能够提供有用的信息，可能帮助我们更好的和世界交流，但是如何做到不干扰和影响呢？

I like to look on the positive side of technology. I even wrote a book, Things That Make Us Smart, about the power of artifacts to enhance human abilities. I am fully dependent upon modern technologies, because they make me more powerful, not less. By taking away the dreary, unessential parts of life, I can concentrate upon the important, human aspects. I can direct high-level activities and strategies and maintain friendships with people all over the world. That’s the focused side. On the other hand, I spend many hours each day simply keeping up with people who continually contact me, almost always with interesting comments, news, and invitations, but nonetheless exceeding my ability to cope and distracting me from my primary activities. Yes, I welcome these distractions because they are a pleasant diversion from the hard work of writing, thinking, and decision-making, but procrastination, even though it’s enjoyable, does not help get the work done. I already had to hire a human assistant to help keep me focused. Will the continual stream of messages from wearable devices prove to be irresistible, diverting me from my work, or will they amplify my abilities?

A standard response is to put the burden on the individual: it is our responsibility to use technology responsibly. I agree in theory, but not in practice. I know all too well the temptations of distraction—all that fascinating news, all those friends who send me status reports and wish me to respond with my own. I find it easy to succumb—anything to avoid the difficult, dreary concentration required to accomplish anything of value. I’ve often had to unplug my computer from the Internet to complete my work. The providers of these technologies must share the burden of responsible design.
目前的办法是，枪不杀人，人杀人，给你科技产品，你自己好自为之吧。

Can wearable devices be helpful? Absolutely. But they can also be horrid. It all depends upon whether we use them to focus and augment our activities or to distract. It is up to us, and up to those who create these new wearable wonders, to decide which it is to be.

This review was revised on August 19, 2013.

Don Norman is a cognitive science professor (UC San Diego, Northwestern) turned executive (Apple vice president) turned designer (IDEO Fellow), and author of 20 books, including Living with Complexity and The Design of Everyday Things. He can be found at jnd.org.
Don Norman 是一个认知心理学家，教授(UC San Diego, Northwestern)，公司高管(Apple)和设计师（IDEO)

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把android手机通讯录转入iphone的一种办法，利用微信

9 8 月, 2013 at 9:06 上午 · Filed under IT技术

（1）在android 端装上微信，在微信的设置->功能->通讯录安全助手->进入安全助手->备份
（2）在iphone 端装上微信 ，然后在iphone的设置->隐私->通讯录->打开微信访问权限。
（3）然后按（1）的操作进行，最后一步不要选择“备份”而选择“恢复”

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深圳商用3D打印现状考察：不会颠覆任何行业 zt

10 7 月, 2013 at 3:15 下午 · Filed under IT技术

http://tech.sina.com.cn/zl/post/detail/2013-07-08/pid_8430428.htm

　　几乎每天都有关于3D打印的新闻。这项快速制造技术被冠以了可以想象到的所有荣誉。但是，这些概念与现状相差有多远呢？在走访在一线使用3D打印技术的企业后，发现事实是，在可预见的未来，3D打印不会在中国颠覆任何行业。

3D打印并不神秘，也绝非只能在学术研究的实验室才能见到。事实上，深圳作为“世界工厂”和“设计之都”，3D打印技术的商业应用已经在这里发展了一年多。许多人知道国内主流的桌面3D打印机生产厂商大半都在深圳，但鲜为人知的是，深圳已经有不少专业的工业级3D打印服务商和大规模应用3D打印的工业设计机构。

深圳市源创尚品工业设计公司是一家深度应用3D打印的工业设计机构。据其总经理廖天佑介绍，目前他们有近10%的设计案会引入3D打印来进行手板制作。但是这家工业设计机构并不拥有3D打印机，为他们提供3D打印服务的是深圳市茂登科技公司——这是一家专业3D打印服务商。茂登公司通过进口工业级3D打印机作为生产设备，为包括源创尚品在内的多家客户提供3D打印服务。

这种组织形式，使得符合商业应用需要的高精度3D打印可以顺利进入工业生产的环节。

桌面3D打印机只是“玩具”？

3D打印技术事实上已经发展了40年，这种通过逐层堆积材料来叠加成为产品机构的制造方式，与传统制造业通过模具、车铣等机械加工方式对原材料进行定型、切削等完全不同。3D打印将三维实体变为若干个二维平面，通过数字化的管理，大大降低了制造的复杂度——不需要复杂的工艺、不需要庞大的机床、不需要众多的人力，直接从计算机图形数据中便可生成任何形状的零件，使生产制造得以向更广的生产人群范围延伸。

近两年3D打印又成为科技概念的热门话题，是因为桌面3D打印机的诞生和推广。这种基于开源硬件解决方案开发生产出来的3D打印机，实际上是对于大型工业3D打印机的简化和廉价化。深圳拥有多家桌面3D打印机的生产商，但其产品仍处于起步阶段。以技术研发进展较快的深圳维示泰克公司为例，他们生产的桌面3D打印机售价不到一万元，可以使用几种塑料线材作为原料打印制造小型物品，虽然其官方称他们生产的3D打印机精度可以达到0.2毫米，但实际精度往往达不到。而且之前与维示泰克公司负责人交流时，对方也表示桌面3D打印机制作的物品“比较适合作为展示使用”——言下之意是，还不能用于功能性零件或产品的制作。

这并不是维示泰克一家的问题，事实上国内所有的桌面3D打印机生产商都面临这样的问题。而国外较为热门的桌面3D打印机，也未必比国内更先进多少。将3D打印机小型化廉价化之后，包括自动化控制、材料科学和温度控制等等几个核心技术难点是全世界3D打印机研发行业正在试图突破的。在现阶段，如源创尚品总经理廖天佑所直言不讳的，“桌面3D打印机只是玩具。”

(上图为深圳维示泰克公司生产的桌面3D打印机)

3D打印几乎完全用于手板制作

廖天佑是工业级3D打印机的用户。茂登公司向他提供服务的工业级3D打印机采购自以色列，价格上百万元。工业3D打印机不仅可以实现最高0.01毫米(10微米)的高精度打印，还可以根据需求更换不同的喷头与托盘，以打印不同材质的产品，包括金属材料、类石膏材料和软硬可调材料，甚至是多材料的混合打印——而这些实际上已经很成熟的技术，由于与消费者较遥远，还依然被大众舆论认为是科幻和实验。

“我们使用3D打印来制作手板，而像茂登这样的3D打印服务商，99%的业务订单也就是制作手板。”廖天佑如此介绍。

一般的工业产品，从最初的技术调研到最后的量产，要经历至少14个流程环节，而廖天佑所提到的“手板制作”是其中非常重要一环。手板亦被称为“首板”，是指在没有开模具的情况下，根据产品图纸做出的若干个产品样板，主要用来验证产品，包括外观、结构和功能。由于最早这种样板只能靠经验丰富的技师手工制作，所以学名“手板”。当然目前的主流的手板制作也是是采用如数控机床等现代设备完成的。由于3D打印天生不需要模具，自然就成为了制作手板的前沿选择之一。

廖天佑分享了近期一个他主导的锁具产品设计案例。由于这是一个设计为采用特种金属制造的锁具，所以用数控机床切出来的传统手板，在材质上完全不能验证锁具设计的可行性。在以往，这种特种锁具的设计，只能是在纸面工作尽量完善周密的情况下，跳过手板直接制作模具，拿模具浇筑制造出一个原型产品来做验证。这就面临一个风险，如果确实存在设计缺陷需要调整，那么整套模具几十上百万的费用都打了水漂。许多欧洲著名的手工保险柜之所以要卖到天价，有一部分原因就是由于这种为了验证而沉没的设计成本太高了。

但因为采用3D打印技术，廖天佑轻松完成了这个锁具设计的挑战。他直接将金属原材料制成粉末，在工程师的协助下使用3D打印按照不同的设计图纸一次打印了五个锁具原型，最终有一个通过了验证。原本可能要花一年才能完成的设计案，他们只花了两个月时间。“即使第一批五个产品都验证失败了，我们去研究问题调整设计，再用3D打印重新制作手板，也只需要一两周的时间。”廖天佑补充道。

廖天佑认为，3D打印制作手板与传统的工业流程具有性质上的不同：“手板只是一个模型，只能做到无限逼近原型产品；但3D打印制作的手板，其实就是第一个产品，它应该与量产的产品没有差别。”而这，也正是3D打印技术的优势所在。

(使用3D打印制作的石膏人像，直接使用彩色原料打印出色彩，无需后期上色，其剖面也是彩色的)

在中国，3D打印太贵了

虽然3D打印技术在精度和速度上有着无可比拟的优势，但走访的大部分工业设计师和生产企业管理者都认为3D打印过于昂贵。廖天佑也承认，他们作为一家对3D打印接受度较高的工业设计机构，也只有不到10%的手板是采用了3D打印来制作。

这与不少人的想象并不一致。3D打印的概念被追捧的原因之一，就是因为它可以让小批量的生产更加容易和廉价。但这些来自国外的前沿技术思想，并没有考虑到中国市场的实际情况。

鲜为消费者所知的事实是，得益于中国的世界制造业中心地位，许多廉价的快速成型技术在中国被改良优化，并形成了充分竞争的行业。再小批量的生产，都会有合适的代工厂愿意承接。而另一方面，虽然如中科院先进技术所等科研机构已经自主研发出了工业级3D打印机，但能够量产应用在商业中的，还都是进口产品。连设备带打印耗材都进口的结果，就是在国内的商用3D打印成本居高不下。

于是，3D打印没有成为主流工业设计和制造企业的优先选择。即便是对于复杂结构或者特殊材质的产品，聪明的中国人也有自己的办法——比如，有制造业人士告诉记者，经验丰富的技师可以使用整块的铝合金在机床上快速制作一个模具，虽然这种快速模具拿来生产三四个产品就会报废，但同样可以花很少的时间和很低的成本来制作一些复杂结构和特殊材质的产品。

在拥有大量技术工人和大量“独门工艺”的中国，目前3D打印技术还没有什么非用不可的理由。

(精度达到0.01毫米的齿轮，细节处只有头发丝粗细，可以用工业级3D打印机轻易制作出来)

美国的技术思想遭遇中国的工业现实

有趣的是，MakerBot——美国最有名的桌面3D打印机开发商之一，它的联合创始人Zach Smith在退出这家公司后目前旅居深圳，在华强北自己做了一个孵化器工作室。作为3D打印技术的前沿人士，他在接受采访时并没有多谈3D打印，而是一个劲的在夸赞“深圳是创客(英文maker，译作创客，可理解为硬件技术开发者和发烧友)的天堂”。

Zach对记者说了这样一段话：“深圳就像一个巨大的‘科技超市’，这里有许多的工厂会搞定你想做的任何事。你不需要费心去学习如何使用生产工具，也不需要为材料、元件所烦忧，你只需要专心设计就能把想法变成现实。而在美国，已经没有什么作坊能提供这些知识和工艺了，一切都得自己摸索。而深圳的工人可以更快地做出质量更好的东西来。在美国要花100美元才能做出来的电路板，在这里只要上网花50块人民币就能买到。十倍的差价意味着，不需要太多花费你就可以迅速从电脑模拟进展到真机测试。你可以在网上买到任何电子元器件，去工厂也不过一个多小时的路程。但是在美国，为了跑供应商你可能得坐飞机在俄亥俄州、马里兰州和旧金山之间飞来飞去。”

(zach smith(中)在华强北的孵化器工作室)

美国人希望借助3D打印机来建立的理想工业生态，在深圳已经存在了十几年。

廖天佑对此也有同感，在采用3D打印技术后，他的公司对海外设计订单的承接能力也大大提升了。“美国人发现，他们找我做，加上海运的时间和费用，都比他们在美国本土要做更快更便宜”。为了追求这些海外设计订单的完成速度，廖天佑甚至把这些订单需要的小批量产品全部使用3D打印来制作——即便如此，所需要的费用仍比在美国生产要便宜。

“颠覆”不是在现在

3D打印成为热门概念，源于2012年美国总统奥巴马将其列为“全美制造业创新网络计划”的重要方向。所以在科技行业中确实存在这样一种观点，认为3D打印不过是基于美国的政治经济诉求所营造的噱头。无论这种观点是否靠谱，一个不争的事实是，在中国3D打印只是一种可供选择的设计制造工艺。它能够提供一些便利，但与中国良好的工业生态基础相比，优势也不明显。

但曾有媒体采访中科院专家的报道中透露出这样一种思考：中国也面临人口红利拐点的问题，在未来迟早要面对人力资源昂贵和技术工人短缺的问题。3D打印技术的普及无疑有助于在这种社会变化下制造业保持高速增长。然而，像富士康这样的超级工厂还在内地大量培养新的技术工人。这些问题也需要到下一代人才会显露出来——为几十年后的风险所准备的解决方案，并不能成为3D打印会在当下颠覆什么行业的佐证。

(在深圳，珠宝设计也是3D打印服务商的主要客户之一)

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3D打印机对标图（Benchmarking Map）(ZT)

30 5 月, 2013 at 6:03 上午 · Filed under IT技术

3D打印机对标图（Benchmarking Map）

现在市面上已经出来层出不穷的个人3D打印机，有的是爱好者自制的，有的是专业大公司推出的，还有像Makerbot，Form 1等专业团队开发的设备。那么它们各自在市场上占据什么位置呢，看了这幅图你就会有个粗略的概念了。另外，这幅图还包括了3D设计建模软件以及3D扫描套件的对标。有了这幅图，用户们可以根据自己的需求选取相应的设备方案。

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美国英文网站关于个人3D打印机的简介

22 5 月, 2013 at 8:33 上午 · Filed under IT技术

CES 2013 proved to be something of a coming out party for consumer-facing 3D printers. Sure MakerBot earned a fair amount of attention at last year’s show with the announcement of the Replicator, which snagged its share of awards from various press outlets. This year, however, saw a relative deluge in 3D-printing representation, with strong showings from 3D Systems, FormLabs, MakerBot and the cloud-based 3D printer, Sculpteo. Even with so many companies rising to prominence, the dream of truly mainstream 3D printing still feels a ways off — if that is indeed where we’re inevitably heading.

These nascent days are an exciting time, with a diverse array of companies and organizations vying to be the first to bring the technology to our homes. In a sense, many roads lead back to RepRap, the open-source, community-fueled project aimed at creating a self-replicating machine. As such, the same basic technology underlies many of these devices. At their core, these 3D printers are not unlike their 2D counterparts, offering a way to translate images on computer screens into real-world analogs — only in this case they’re objects you can hold in your hand.

Most of these work by melting plastic (largely Lego-like ABS or biodegradable PLA) and squirting it out through extruder heads. The heads operate along the X and Y axes, while the build platform (generally heated in the case of ABS and unheated for PLA) moves downward, allowing the glue gun-like extruders to build up the thin layers of plastic. Some printers rely on other technologies, many of which are rooted in the world of rapid prototyping, a category of fabrication that has been around for decades and used by companies like Boeing and Ford to created scale models of concepts.

There are a surprising number of companies and organizations currently invested in the space, be it through pre-fabricated models, kits or open-source, downloadable plans. We pulled together a list of some of the most prominent, which you can check out after the break.

3D SYSTEMS

DNP The shape of things to come A consumer's guide to the 3D printer market

The Machine: CubeX
The Price: $2,499 to $3,999
The Features: Up to three colors, up to 10.8 x 10.45 x 9.5-inch build volume, up to 125-micron resolution, touchscreen interface

3D Systems has been in the 3D-printing game since before the term was coined. The company’s CTO, Chuck Hull, invented stereolithography back in the early ’80s. Hull helped co-found the company in 1986 and it has since become one of the dominant forces in the world of industrial rapid prototyping (we saw some of those devices in action when we visited Laika Studios during the production ofParaNorman). Last year, the company released the portable Cube printer, an officially branded entry in the consumer space (which coincided with the end of the consumer-facing Botmill line it also owned). At CES this year, 3D Systems offered up a one-two punch, with the release of a faster version of the Cube and themassive CubeX. The latter can do three-color prints and create objects up to 1,070 cubic inches — or as the company puts it, “as big as a basketball.” The CubeX can use either PLA or ABS and runs you $2,499.

BITS FROM BYTES

3D printers

The Machine: 3DTouch
The Price: $3,490 to $4,370
The Features: Up to three extruders, 10.8 x 10.8 x 8-inch build volume (for single extruder model), up to 125-micron resolution.

Another member of the ever-expanding 3D Systems family, Bits from Bytes was acquired by the company in late 2010. It was founded in 2008 by Ian Adkins with the noble mission statement of “democratizing 3D printing for everyone.” Like so many others in the field, BFB’s models are based on the pioneering work of the open-source RepRap Project. On the low-end, the company offers a fairly barebones kit, primarily aimed at education (it sort of looks like something built with a Capsela set), which starts at $1,390 and runs up to $2,170. The more polished 3DTouch features a touchscreen and, on the high-end, three extruder heads — a luxury that costs $4,370

EVENTORBOT

3D printers

The Machine: Eventorbot
The Price: Assembled unit price TBD, $885 pledge on Kickstarter (now closed)
The Features: Low cost, streamlined at-home assembly, 10 x 8 x 6-inch build volume.

This Kickstarter-backed project is the brainchild of Illinois-based Duy Dang, who claims it’s “the perfect beginner 3D printer,” thanks to its low build cost and the relatively few parts required to assemble it. At its center is a single square tube that hides most of the wires. As with the open-source RepRap, many of the Eventorbot’s parts can be printed on the device itself, making it possible to continually upgrade the device

DELTAMAKER

The shape of things to come A consumer's guide to 3D printers

The Machine: DeltaMaker
The Price: Assembled unit price TBD, $499 to $1,099 pledge on Kickstarter
The Features: Delta robot platform, 9-inch diameter x 11-inch build volume, 100 micron resolution

“Why should a 3D printer look like a microwave oven?” DeltaMaker’s not the first 3D printing company to ask the question (in so many words), nor is it the first to adopt this form factor. Still, we won’t begrudge anyone looking to break out of the classic 3D printer style, and certainly anything that makes the experience if watching the act all the more interesting is worth a look. The Florida-based team is around half the way to its $100,000 goal, promising a printer with a 9-inch diameter x 11-inch high build volume and a 100 micron resolution.

DELTA MICRO

DNP 3D printers

The Machine: Delta Micro Up! Plus / Afinia H-Series
The Price: $1,500
The Features: Prints in ABS / PLA, 5.5 x 5.5 x 5.3-inch build volume, 150-micron resolution

This Beijing-based company has taken to calling its products “micro factories.” Delta Micro offers a couple of devices, including the $900 Up! Mini. At the high-end is the $1,500 Up! Plus [pictured], which, at least from an aesthetic standpoint, is the picture of minimalist simplicity. It has a build volume of 5.5 x 5.5 x 5.3 inches and can print in both PLA and ABS plastic. The latter is available in the US under the Delta Micro name or, with the Afinia branding, carrying the H-Series name (under which it took home a “Best Overall Experience” award from Make Magazine).

FAB@HOME

DNP The shape of things to come A consumer's guide to the 3D printer market

The Machine: Fab@Home Model 2
The Price: N/A
The Features: Streamlined building process compared to Model 1, printing in any number of materials: including frosting, clay and rubber caulk

More of an ongoing, open-source collaborative project than a company, Fab@Homewas born out of Cornell’s Computational Synthesis Laboratory (now the Creative Machines Lab) way back in 2006 in order to build a machine that can “make real objects.” The result is a device that can print in an astonishing number of materials, including frosting, rubber caulk, ceramic clay, chocolate and ice. The Cornell team has most recently unveiled the Model 2, which offers improvements to the hardware and software as well as cheaper, easier builds and lower skill-level demands. Fab@Home doesn’t actually sell the printers, but there are ways of getting your hands on one, if you email the right people.

FILABOT

3D printers

The Machine: Filabot
The Price: TBD, $490 pledge on Kickstarter (now closed)
The Features: Not a 3D printer per se, rather a device that recycles plastic into filaments for prints

The Filabot’s not a 3D printer, but it’s certainly worth mentioning in a roundup like this. The crowdfunded device aims to address one of the fundamental concerns of consumer 3D printing: waste. The machine (awarded to investors who pledged $490 or more) grinds, melts and extrudes recyclable plastic into a 1.75 or 3mm spool that can be used with at-home 3D printers. Filabot will work with a number of plastics, including ABS, HDPE and nylon (the company is in the process of testing a number of others, including PLA).

FORMLABS

DNP The shape of things to come A consumer's guide to the 3D printer market

The Machine: Form 1
The Price: $3,300
The Features: Utilizes stereolithography printing for more precise prints, 4.9 x 4.9 x 6.5-inch build volume

The grad students at the MIT Media Lab shared the dream of bringing the professional quality of their school’s rapid prototyping machines to consumers.Formlabs realized that goal by eschewing the plastic extrusion technology found in most hobbyist devices for the far more precise stereolithography wherein a tray of liquid resin hardens when exposed to a laser, until the desired object is fully formed. The process is quieter than much of the competition and the resulting prints achieve a level of detail that blows away what we’ve seen even the most high-resolution consumer printers accomplish. Co-founder Maxim Lobovsky showed us a highly impressive Eiffel Tower print. At $3,300, the Form 1 isn’t the cheapest consumer-facing printer around, but given the quality it’s capable of printing, it’s a downright steal.

LEAPFROG

The shape of things to come A consumer's guide to 3D printers

The Machine: Creatr
The Price: $1,683 (single extruder), $2020 (dual-extruder)
The Features: ABS, PLA and PVA printing, aluminum body, 9 x 10.6 x 8.7-inch build volume, 200 micron printing

The Creatr certainly looks the part of a semi-pro printer, but with a starting price of €1,250 ($1,683), the aluminum-encased the device clearly has consumers in mind. The tree frog-emblazoned box has a build volume of 9 x 10.6 x 8.7-inches, can print in ABS, PLA and PVA and comes with one or two extruders. Leapfrog, which was formed last year, also offers the Xeed, which carries a far pricier €5,460 ($7,353) price tag, has a tablet interface built in, to help you nab your models without the use of a computer.

LULZBOT

DNP The shape of things to come A consumer's guide to the 3D printer market

The Machine: AO-101
The Price: $1,725
The Features: Rugged build quality, 7.9 x 7.5 x 3.9-inch build volume, 200-micron resolution

If you can get around the meme-centric name for a moment, you’ll find that LulzBot is a fairly serious company with some straightforward goals. As with so many others, this Aleph Objects brand took inspiration from the open-source RepRap project — in fact, the company produces hardware, tools and electronics with RepRap makers in mind. Those less interested in the construction part of the process, however, can pick up a prefab AO-101 printer from the company for $1,725. LulzBot calls the AO “the workhorse of the 3D-printing industry,” thanks to its rugged design. The testing process for the printer reportedly involved standing on it, making it print upside down and printing while strapped to the back of a truck driving down dirt roads. If you’re looking for a consumer 3D printer to bring on your next space flight, this might be the ‘bot you’re looking for.

MAKERBOTDNP The shape of things to come A consumer's guide to the 3D printer market

The Machine: Replicator 2x
The Price: $2,800
The Features: Easy-to-load extruder, two extruders, 9.7 x 6 x 6.1-inch build volume, 100-micron resolution

In terms of sheer exposure, MakerBot is the company to beat. Founded in 2009, the Brooklyn-based organization currently seems best positioned to help consumer 3D printing go mainstream. As with so many others, MakerBot’s roots are firmly planted in the RepRap scene, with co-founder Zach Smith having been heavily involved with the project. In spite of those roots, there’s little doubt that MakerBot is a firmly commercial venture. It’s even found itself mired in some controversy after appearing to turn away from the open-source community with the release of the Replicator 2, causing Smith, among others, to critique the company’s business model.

MakerBot made a splash at last year’s CES with the announcement of the first-generation Replicator, which featured an increased build volume (8.9 x 5.7 x 5.9 inches) and dual-extrusion (two-colors). This year, the company showed off its recently released Replicator 2 and the new 2X, the latter of which features dual-extrusion and a heated build platform, optimized for ABS plastic. Both of the second-generation Replicators also feature a number of tweaks to their predecessors’ body, including further increased build volume (11.2 x 6.1 x 6.0 inches for the Replicator 2) and the ditching of the more DIY-looking wooden aesthetic. The 2 and 2x run $2,199 and $2,799, respectively.

MAKERGEAR

DNP The shape of things to come A consumer's guide to the 3D printer market

The Machine: M2
The Price: $1,750 (assembled)
The Features: 8 x 10 x 8-inch build area

Rick Pollack founded MakerGear in order to supply home fabricators with the necessary tools, after attempting and failing to prototype a product of his own at home. Fittingly, the site is a resource for all sorts of 3D printer bits and pieces, like platforms, motors and extruders. The company started life in 2009, creating extruders for MakerBot Cupcake printers, “because the MK4 extruder was not reliable and caused endless problems and frustration for users,” as Pollack tells us. The shipment of those extruders lead other industrious folks, including RepRap community members, to start utilizing the service. The company also offers the plans for a number of kits, including the M1 (Mosaic), M2 [pictured] and Prusa Mendel.

METAMÁQUINA

3D printers

The Machine: Metamáquina 2
The Price: $1,614
The Features: 7.9 x 7.9 x 6-inch build volume, 200-micron resolution

A company inspired by the open-source community that has given rise to so many 3D-printing companies, Metamáquina developed out of the Garoa Hacker Clube, the first hackerspace in Brazil, where its founders Felipe Sanches and Rodrigo Rodrigues da Silva started hacking a MakerBot printer. Now the company is prepping the release of its second-generation device, set to ship this April. The Metamáquina 2 features a build volume of 7.9 x 7.9 x 6 inches — more than double that of its similarly named predecessor. It will run R$3,300 ($1,614) when it hits in a couple of months.

PRINTRBOT

3D printers

The Machine: Printrbot GO
The Price: $1,500 (unassembled kit)
The Features: Portability (folds up into a briefcase), battery-powered, 7.9 x 7.2 x 5.9-inch build volume

Here’s yet another in the long line of consumer-facing 3D printers brought into the world with a little Kickstarter love — well, more than a little. Printrbot creator Brook Drumm managed to raise a staggering $830,000-plus after setting a $25,000 goal. The company designed the device “to be the simplest 3D printer yet.” A small kit can be assembled relatively quickly by beginners — a sort of IKEA-esque approach to the world of 3D printing, if you will. The company also has affordability in mind, with the low-end, foldable Printrbot Jr. running an astonishingly low $399. That price helped the foldable device snag a “Best Value” from our friends over at Make Magazine late last year. The company’s line tops out at $1,500 for the moment, which will get you a Printrbot GO [pictured], a portable 3D printer that fits in a briefcase for the traveling maker. That one was created with help from Ben Heck, of course.

PWDR

3D printers

The Machine: Pwdr
The Price: $1,330 (estimated assembly price)
The Features: Powder-based printing, refillable cartridges

Another attempt to bring pro-level 3D printing to the home hobbyist, Pwdr uses powder-based rapid prototyping, rather than the plastic extrusion at the center of most commercial entries in the space. Developed though the University of Twente in the Netherlands, the vowel-hating hardware is currently in its early stages (Model 0.1), but the open-source plans are currently available online for early hackdopters. According to the site, building one of these should run you around €1,000 ($1,330).

REPRAP

3D printers

The Machine: RepRapPro Huxley
The Price: $599 (unassembled kit)
The Features: The open-source original, 5.5 x 5.5 x 4.3-inch build volume, more portable than other RepRap devices

The project that launched a million 3D printers, RepRap (that’s short for replicating rapid prototyper) began with the fairly noble, awesome and vaguely terrifying intention of developing a self-replicating machine. Spearheaded by Dr. Adrian Bowyer, a University of Bath mechanical engineering lecturer, the open-source, non-profit project has given birth to a number of 3D printing machines, including, most recently, Huxley, named for biologist Thomas Henry Huxley.

Consistent with RepRap’s initial mission statement, Huxley can print a good chunk of itself, as well as its predecessor, Mendel (and vice versa). Zach Smith would use much of the knowledge he gained from the early days of the project to help found MakerBot. In spite of, or perhaps because of, the success of commercial successors, RepRap is still going strong, working toward the goal of complete self-replication and espousing the open-source philosophies on which it was created.

ROBO 3D

DNP 3D printers

The Machine: RoBo 3D
The Price: “Around” $520
The Features: Low cost, PLA / ABS plastic, 10 x 10 x 8-inch build volume, 100-micron resolution

Yet another Kickstarter success story — and a fairly healthy one at that; San Diego-based RoBo 3D has achieved more than eight times its $49,000 Kickstarter goal with about a week left. Price is the big selling point here — at around $520 for an assembled printer, it’s expected to sell for a fraction of the competition. The open-source RoBo 3D has a build volume of 10 x 10 x 8 inches and prints in PLA (though a $99 bump in price will get you ABS). Keep in mind, these aren’t actually shipping yet — the company expects them to go out in March.

ROMSCRAJ

DNP 3D printers

The Machine: M.O.B.
The Price: $960
The Features: Metal body, 8 x 6.3 x 6.2-inch build volume

Yet another RepRap-inspired company, Romscraj describes itself as “a little shop set in the mostly sunny little red dot known as Singapore.” The company currently has three models available. At the low-end, the unassembled Portabee kit will run $490. The high-end M.O.B. cube [pictured] features a build volume of 8 x 6.3 x 6.2 inches, a heated platform and a metal body. That one runs $960 fully assembled — and, interestingly, ships with a free BeagleBone development board at the moment.

SEEMECNC

DNP 3D printers

The Machine: Rostock MAX
The Price: $1,000 starting (non-assembled kit)
The Features: 11-inch (diameter) x 13.8-inch (height) build volume, 50-micron resolution

Another 3D-printing company that’s sought a bit of help from the crowdfunding community, SeeMeCNC began life in late 2011 in an attempt to broaden the maker community’s toolkit. The company’s first 3D printer, the H-1, was firmly rooted in the RepRap community, based on its Huxley design. These days, the site offers a number of build-at-home kits, including the $1,000 cylindrical Rostock MAX [pictured], which features a truly impressive advertised 1,300-cubic-inch build volume. The company’s also working on an LCD panel and SD memory card input to let users control printing on the machine itself.

SOLIDOODLE

DNP The shape of things to come A consumer's guide to the 3D printer market

The Machine: Solidoodle 3
The Price: $800
The Features: Low cost, rugged metal case, 8 x 8 x 8-inch build volume, 100-micron resolution

Back in the fall of 2011, former MakerBot COO Sam Cervantes started work on his own desktop 3D printer, with the aim of taking the space to new levels of affordability. The resulting company is Solidoodle. While the name is arguably unfortunate, the product is anything but. By its second iteration, the company gave the world a remarkably low-priced device, at $500, featuring a 6 x 6 x 6-inch build platform and a rugged body that built upon its founder’s engineering past. We recently got our hands on the company’s third-generation printer, which ups the build size to 8 x 8 x 8, a scale that also brings the price up to $800. It’s a sizable increase, but it still comes in well below the industry standard for consumer 3D printers. And just to show he wasn’t joking about the whole rugged thing, Cervantes took a moment to stand on the printer, when the company came by our office, taking the whole concept of standing by a product to new levels.

SUMPOD

DNP 3D printers

The Machine: Mega
The Price: $2,539
The Features: Metal case, massive 23.6 x 23.6 x 23.6-inch build volume

This printer’s namesake, UK-based Richard Sum, took to Indiegogo when it came time to fund his labor of love — multiple times, in fact. The printer now comes in three flavors, the original Basic [pictured], Aluminum and Mega (the Aluminum version with an increased build volume), ranging in price from £300 ($476) to £1,600 ($2,539) to start.

THE FUTURE IS 3-D

DNP 3D printers

The Machine: Glacier Steel
The Price: $2,650 / $3,650
The Features: Steel frame, up to 16 x 16 x 21-inch build platform ($3,650 model), optional dual extrusion ($450 extra)

One of the odder names in an industry full of odd names, The Future is 3-D is also quite likely the only company with an origin directly involving a Jay Leno show. Inspiration arrived when founder Jeff Christiana saw 3D printing in action on Jay Leno’s Garage. From there, Christiana made a jump over to the RepRap community for “months of frustration” that channeled their way into a company that now sells 3D printer parts. It also sells its own printers, like the metal-framed Glacier Steel and the forthcoming Avalanche, which promises to be the company’s largest and most advanced printer yet. That one’s roughly half a year away, however.

TYPE A MACHINES

The shape of things to come A consumer's guide to 3D printers

The Machine: Series 1
The Price: $1,400
The Features: 9 x 9 x 9-inch build volume, standard resolution as low as 100 microns.

Maintaining the familiar plywood aesthetic, the Series 1 printer offers up a 9 x 9 x 9-inch build volume and standard resolutions as thin as 100 microns, using the standard software. Though its creators add that, with some tweaking, they’ve managed to get it down to an impressive 50 microns. Released by San Francisco-based Type A Machines, the box’ll run you $1,400.

ULTIMAKER

3D printers

The Machine: Ultimaker
The Price: $2,269
The Features PLA / ABS plastic, 8.3 x 8.3 x 8.1-inch build volume

Yet another 3D-printer maker born out of the RepRap legacy, this Netherlands-based outfit is “committed to making 3D printing better, faster and simpler.” Ultimaker offered up its first product in May 2011. The current iteration ships as a complete kit for €1,194 ($1,594), featuring a nice build volume of 8.3 x 8.3 x 8.1 inches, without taking up too much space on your desktop. Late last year, the company also entered the pre-built game, with fully assembled printers that run €1,699 ($2,269), a price that includes a free roll of PLA plastic.

 

http://www.engadget.com/2013/01/29/3d-printer-guide/

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美国网站的个人3D打印机的评测

22 5 月, 2013 at 8:17 上午 · Filed under IT技术

http://3d-printers.toptenreviews.com/

2013 Best 3D Printer Reviews and Comparisons

Rank #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10
10-9  Excellent
8-6    Good
5-4    Average
3-2    Poor
1-0    Bad

 Cubify CubeX Cubify Cube LulzBot AO-101 Afinia H Replicator 2 AW3D XL AW3D V5 Replicator 2X Mbot Cube 3DTouch
Cubify CubeX Cubify Cube LulzBot AO-101 Afinia H Replicator 2 AW3D XL AW3D V5 Replicator 2X Mbot Cube 3DTouch
Reviewer Comments Read Review  Read Review  Read Review  Read Review  Read Review  Read Review  Read Review  Read Review  Read Review  Read Review 
Lowest Price Visit Cubify CubeX Trio 
$2,499.00		 Visit Cubify Cube  
$1,299.00		 Visit LulzBot AO-101  
$1,725.00		 Visit Afinia H  
$1,559.00		 Visit Replicator 2  
$2,199.00		 Visit AW3D XL  
$2,295.00		 Visit AW3D V5  
$1,695.00		 Visit Replicator 2X  
$2,799.00		 Visit Mbot Cube  
$999.00		 Visit 3DTouch Single Head 
$3,490.00
Ratings
9.53
8.60
8.08
7.85
7.63
7.58
7.38
7.35
7.25
7.08
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Overall Rating
Printing Features
Printer Design
Included Components
Connectivity
Help & Support
Printing Features
Reliability Score (Percent) 100 95 90 85 95 95 95 95 95 90
Print Quality Score (Percent) 100 90 80 95 90 95 100 99 95 95
Print Speed (MM per Second) 15 15 200 30 90 150 150 200 40 15
Printing Time (Minutes) 120 120 15 60 18 12 12 10 78 120
Number of Printing Materials 2 2 5 1 1 5 5 2 2 2
Number of Print Modes 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 3
Number of Print Heads 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
Max Build Height (Inches) 10.75 5.5 3.9 5.5 6.1 7 7.7 6.1 7.87 7.9
Minimum Layer Height (MM) 0.125 0.125 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Max Build Length (Inches) 10.75 5.5 7.9 5.5 11.2 12 8.3 9.7 7.87 10.8
Max Build Depth (Inches) 9.5 5.5 7.5 5.5 6 8 4.4 6 7.87 10.8
Max Build Volume (Cubic Inches) 1098 166 231 160 410 672 281 355 487 921
Max Print Layer Thickness (mm) 0.125 0.25 0.75 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.125 0.125 0.3 0.125
Print Tolerance (MM) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.04 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.125
Filament Sizes (MM) 1.75 1.75 1.75 / 3 1.75 1.75 3 3 1.75 1.75 3
Printing Cost (Smartphone case) $3.80 $3.80 $3.84 $2.40 $0.22 $0.08 $0.08 $0.09 $0.90 $0.16
Filament Cost $99.00 $49.00 $31.99 $15.00 $48.00 $17.75 $17.75 $21.81 $19.09 $35.90
Printing Jet Material Plastic Plastic Metal Metal Metal Metal Metal Steel Metal Metal
Prints in ABS Plastic
Prints in PLA Plastic
Printer Cartridge Recycle Program
Multicolor Print Capable
Heated Platform
Printer Design
Ease of Use Score (Percent) 100 95 90 85 85 90 85 95 90 90
Number of Printer Housing Colors 1 5 1 1 9 9 9 1 1 3
Printer Weight (Pounds) 84 9.5 18 11 18 18 18 28 35 84
Printer Length (Inches) 20.3 10 18.3 9.6 16 13.5 16 19.1 16 23.6
Printer Height (Inches) 23.5 13 19 13.8 19 13.5 19 20 16 23.6
Printer Width (Inches) 20.3 10 15 10.2 18 12.75 18 12.8 15.7 27.5
Frame Material Plastic Plastic Aluminum Steel Acrylic Acrylic Acrylic Steel / PVC Wood Acrylic
Lead Time (Days) None None None None None 14 None 56 14 42
Meets Safety Standard
Touchscreen Menu
Printer Housing Enclosure
Included Componenets
Number of Models Included 10 25 None None 3 None None None None
Power Supply
USB Cable
Printing Software
Connectivity
USB
Wi-Fi
SD Card
Flash Drive
Help & Support
Warranty (Days) 90 90 90 365 365 180 180 360 None 365
Telephone
Email
Forum/Blog
FAQs
Supported Configurations
Windows 8
Windows 7
Windows XP
Mac

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根据两点经纬度计算地球表面两点间的距离(ZT)

27 5 月, 2011 at 4:20 上午 · Filed under IT技术

现在基于地理信息的应用很火，无论是从google map上获取的地理位置信息，还是通过iphone或Android这类拥有GPS模块的移动终端获取的地理位置信息，都是十进制的经纬度信息。在我们做实际应用时可能需要计算在地球表面某两点间的距离，这里以JavaScript为示例语言，提供计算方法，这也是google map所采用的计算方法。

1. 十进制经纬度转度、分、秒
view plaincopy to clipboardprint?

1. function dec2deg(dec){
2. var dec = Math.abs(dec) + “”;
3. dec = dec.split(“.”);
4.
5. var deg = dec[0];
6.
7. dec[1] = “0.”+ dec[1];
8. var min_sec = dec[1] * 3600;
9. var min = Math.floor( min_sec / 60 );
10. var sec = ( min_sec – ( min * 60 ) ) ;
11.
12. return [deg, min, sec];
13. }

function dec2deg(dec){
var dec = Math.abs(dec) + “”;
dec = dec.split(“.”);

var deg = dec[0];

dec[1] = “0.”+ dec[1];
var min_sec = dec[1] * 3600;
var min = Math.floor( min_sec / 60 );
var sec = ( min_sec – ( min * 60 ) ) ;

return [deg, min, sec];
}

2. 度、分、秒转十进制经纬度
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1. function deg2dec(deg, min, sec){
2. var deg = Math.abs(deg);
3. var min = Math.abs(min);
4. var sec = Math.abs(sec);
5. return deg * 1 + ( sec * 1 + min * 60 )/3600 ;
6. }

function deg2dec(deg, min, sec){
var deg = Math.abs(deg);
var min = Math.abs(min);
var sec = Math.abs(sec);
return deg * 1 + ( sec * 1 + min * 60 )/3600 ;
}

3. 计算两点间距离
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1. // 弧度转换
2. function rad(d){
3. return d * Math.PI / 180.0;
4. }
5.
6. // 计算距离，结果的单位为千米（km）
7. function calDistance(lat1, lng1, lat2, lng2){
8. if( ( Math.abs( lat1 ) > 90 ) ||( Math.abs( lat2 ) > 90 ) )
9. return false;
10.
11. if( ( Math.abs( lng1 ) > 180 ) ||( Math.abs( lng2 ) > 180 ) )
12. return false;
13.
14. var radLat1 = rad(lat1);
15. var radLat2 = rad(lat2);
16. var a = radLat1 – radLat2;
17. var b = rad(lng1) – rad(lng2);
18. var s = 2 * Math.asin(
19. Math.sqrt(
20. Math.pow( Math.sin( a/2 ), 2 ) + Math.cos( radLat1 ) * Math.cos( radLat2 ) *
21. Math.pow( Math.sin( b/2 ), 2 )
22. )
23. );
24. s = s * 6378.137 ; // 地球半径 6378.137
25. s = Math.round(s * 10000) / 10000;
26. return s;
27. }
出处

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MetaGPS M2 ??????

14 4 月, 2011 at 8:05 上午 · Filed under IT技术

????????????METAGPS: Compact Geotagging Unit for Nikon DSLR Cameras ?????????
1?MetaGPS M2??????????
2?MetaGPS M2?Nikon D90?????????
??iphone4?GPS??????????

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MetaGPS M2 ??????

14 4 月, 2011 at 8:05 上午 · Filed under IT技术

????????????METAGPS: Compact Geotagging Unit for Nikon DSLR Cameras ?????????
1?MetaGPS M2??????????
2?MetaGPS M2?Nikon D90?????????
??iphone4?GPS??????????

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